Absolute directive with record and array

DelphiUdIT · May 19

Hello everyone.
From a post in the international Lazarus forum ( https://forum.lazarus.freepascal.org/index.php/topic,71183.msg555336.html#msg555336 ) I noticed the use of the "absolute" directive to actually initialize an array of records.
By defining an initialized array of strings, these are then fully matched to an array of records.
I knew about the "absolute" directive, but honestly I have never seen it applied (or at least I have never noticed it, I vaguely remember seeing it in Indy).
Apart from other ways to obtain the same results, does the definition as it was made have any contraindications other than the pure reading of an element of the record (I think of its writing or passing as a "var" to some processing method)?

Sample:

const
  TABLE_SIZE = 118; //118*3 -1 = array size

  TABLE_DATA: array[0..pred(TABLE_SIZE * 3)] of string = (
  'H', 'Hydrogen', '1.00794', 'He', 'Helium', '4.002602',
  'Li', 'Lithium', '6.941', 'Be', 'Beryllium', '9.012182',
  'B', 'Boron', '10.811', 'C', 'Carbon', '12.0107',
  'N', 'Nitrogen', '14.0067', 'O', 'Oxygen', '15.9994',
  'F', 'Fluorine', '18.9984032', 'Ne', 'Neon', '20.1797',
  'Na', 'Sodium', '22.98976...', 'Mg', 'Magnesium', '24.305',
  'Al', 'Aluminium', '26.9815386', 'Si', 'Silicon', '28.0855',
  'P', 'Phosphorus', '30.973762', 'S', 'Sulfur', '32.065',
  'Cl', 'Chlorine', '35.453', 'Ar', 'Argon', '39.948',
  'K', 'Potassium', '39.948', 'Ca', 'Calcium', '40.078',
  'Sc', 'Scandium', '44.955912', 'Ti', 'Titanium', '47.867',
  'V', 'Vanadium', '50.9415', 'Cr', 'Chromium', '51.9961',
  'Mn', 'Manganese', '54.938045', 'Fe', 'Iron', '55.845',
  'Co', 'Cobalt', '58.933195', 'Ni', 'Nickel', '58.6934',
  'Cu', 'Copper', '63.546', 'Zn', 'Zinc', '65.38',
  'Ga', 'Gallium', '69.723', 'Ge', 'Germanium', '72.63',
  'As', 'Arsenic', '74.9216', 'Se', 'Selenium', '78.96',
  'Br', 'Bromine', '79.904', 'Kr', 'Krypton', '83.798',
  'Rb', 'Rubidium', '85.4678', 'Sr', 'Strontium', '87.62',
  'Y', 'Yttrium', '88.90585', 'Zr', 'Zirconium', '91.224',
  'Nb', 'Niobium', '92.90628', 'Mo', 'Molybdenum', '95.96',
  'Tc', 'Technetium', '(98)', 'Ru', 'Ruthenium', '101.07',
  'Rh', 'Rhodium', '102.9055', 'Pd', 'Palladium', '106.42',
  'Ag', 'Silver', '107.8682', 'Cd', 'Cadmium', '112.411',
  'In', 'Indium', '114.818', 'Sn', 'Tin', '118.71',
  'Sb', 'Antimony', '121.76', 'Te', 'Tellurium', '127.6',
  'I', 'Iodine', '126.90447', 'Xe', 'Xenon', '131.293',
  'Cs', 'Caesium', '132.9054', 'Ba', 'Barium', '132.9054',
  'La', 'Lanthanum', '138.90547', 'Ce', 'Cerium', '140.116',
  'Pr', 'Praseodymium', '140.90765', 'Nd', 'Neodymium', '144.242',
  'Pm', 'Promethium', '(145)', 'Sm', 'Samarium', '150.36',
  'Eu', 'Europium', '151.964', 'Gd', 'Gadolinium', '157.25',
  'Tb', 'Terbium', '158.92535', 'Dy', 'Dysprosium', '162.5',
  'Ho', 'Holmium', '164.93032', 'Er', 'Erbium', '167.259',
  'Tm', 'Thulium', '168.93421', 'Yb', 'Ytterbium', '173.054',
  'Lu', 'Lutetium', '174.9668', 'Hf', 'Hafnium', '178.49',
  'Ta', 'Tantalum', '180.94788', 'W', 'Tungsten', '183.84',
  'Re', 'Rhenium', '186.207', 'Os', 'Osmium', '190.23',
  'Ir', 'Iridium', '192.217', 'Pt', 'Platinum', '195.084',
  'Au', 'Gold', '196.966569', 'Hg', 'Mercury', '200.59',
  'Tl', 'Thallium', '204.3833', 'Pb', 'Lead', '207.2',
  'Bi', 'Bismuth', '208.9804', 'Po', 'Polonium', '(209)',
  'At', 'Astatine', '(210)', 'Rn', 'Radon', '(222)',
  'Fr', 'Francium', '(223)', 'Ra', 'Radium', '(226)',
  'Ac', 'Actinium', '(227)', 'Th', 'Thorium', '232.03806',
  'Pa', 'Protactinium', '231.0588', 'U', 'Uranium', '238.02891',
  'Np', 'Neptunium', '(237)', 'Pu', 'Plutonium', '(244)',
  'Am', 'Americium', '(243)', 'Cm', 'Curium', '(247)',
  'Bk', 'Berkelium', '(247)', 'Cf', 'Californium', '(251)',
  'Es', 'Einstenium', '(252)', 'Fm', 'Fermium', '(257)',
  'Md', 'Mendelevium', '(258)', 'No', 'Nobelium', '(259)',
  'Lr', 'Lawrencium', '(262)', 'Rf', 'Rutherfordium', '(267)',
  'Db', 'Dubnium', '(268)', 'Sg', 'Seaborgium', '(271)',
  'Bh', 'Bohrium', '(272)', 'Hs', 'Hassium', '(270)',
  'Mt', 'Meitnerium', '(276)', 'Ds', 'Darmstadium', '(281)',
  'Rg', 'Roentgenium', '(280)', 'Cn', 'Copernicium', '(285)',
  'Nh', 'Nihonium', '(286)', 'Fl', 'Flerovium', '(289)',
  'Mc', 'Moscovium', '(290)', 'Lv', 'Livermorium', '(293)',
  'Ts', 'Tennessine', '(294)', 'Og', 'Oganesson', '(294)');

var
  Elements : array[0..pred(TABLE_SIZE)] of record
    Symbol     : string;
    Name       : string;
    Mass       : string;
  end absolute TABLE_DATA;  { absolute, don't program without it !! }


procedure XXXXX
begin
  for var i in Elements do
    begin
      ShowMessage(i.Symbol+' / '+i.Name+' / '+i.Mass);
    end;
end;

Thanks

EDIT: the question is for TABLE_DATA defined as "var" of course, not as "const" ...

Edited May 19 by DelphiUdIT

Stefan Glienke · May 19

One could make it a const array of records where mass would be a number instead of a string

Rollo62 · May 19

Nice.
To handle it more effectively, I would encapsulate this const array in an Enum with a record helper.
That allows to add a lot of convenience functions around this table and offers a nice and effective Enum handle.

Edited May 19 by Rollo62

Anders Melander · May 19

I don't understand the question but... while absolute has its uses, in this case it would IMO just be laziness on the part of the developer. And what's up with the use of pred? Since when did that become more readable than -1 ?

Uwe Raabe · May 19

1 hour ago, Anders Melander said:

And what's up with the use of pred? Since when did that become more readable than -1 ?

It survives the change from Integer to an enumeration type.

Anders Melander · May 19

4 minutes ago, Uwe Raabe said:

It survives the change from Integer to an enumeration type.

What change? You mean a possible future change of the index type?

I can't see how any of the Pred used here would survive that:

TABLE_DATA: array[0..pred(TABLE_SIZE * 3)] of string
Elements : array[0..pred(TABLE_SIZE)] of record

Regardless, if I changed the index type I would want to review the implications of that change manually and not assume that it just worked - especially with absolute in the game.

David Heffernan · May 19

What are you trying to achieve here? As Stefan says, why aren't you declaring these as records to begin with? And why would you want to make anything here a variable. Seems like this area of Physics is pretty much fixed!

David Heffernan · May 19

2 hours ago, Stefan Glienke said:

where mass would be a number instead of a string

I think the use of string here is to allow encoding of indeterminate masses for elements with no stable isotopes, or something along those lines. Look at the items with mass surrounded by parens.

DelphiUdIT · May 19

It is not mine, I'm not a chemical tech. I only see the use of the "absolute" directive and ask if there is any issue (in assignement for example). By the way I have tested some uses case and i don't found any issue, it's like a normal array of records.

Like I wrote, I had know that there are other methods, I was only curious about "absolute" used in array of records.

Thank you all for your interest.

DelphiUdIT · May 19

52 minutes ago, Anders Melander said:
What change? You mean a possible future change of the index type?

I can't see how any of the Pred used here would survive that:
TABLE_DATA: array[0..pred(TABLE_SIZE * 3)] of string
Elements : array[0..pred(TABLE_SIZE)] of record

The use of pred here is only the result of copy / paste operation. But I use pred sometimes, especially when there is a dimension of an array in play. In a for / to cycle instead I use normally "-1".

Anders Melander · May 19

The only issue with absolute that I can think of is that the compiler treats the aliased variables as "volatile" which inhibits certain optimizations - AFAIR. Apart from that it's just like a hard typecast.

Of course one has to avoid doing stupid things like using absolute on managed types.

DelphiUdIT · May 19

1 minute ago, Anders Melander said:

The only issue with absolute that I can think of is that the compiler treats the aliased variables as "volatile" which inhibits certain optimizations - AFAIR. Apart from that it's just like a hard typecast.

Of course one has to avoid doing stupid things like using absolute on managed types.

You are right, those were my fear.

Anders Melander · May 19

Just now, DelphiUdIT said:

But I use pred sometimes, especially when there is a dimension of an array in play.

Use High(MyArray) instead; It clearly communicates what your intentions are.

IMO, using Succ and Pred for anything other than enumerations is like using Assigned on pointers (even object pointers). On delegates it makes sense, but for everything else I think (FooBar <> nil) is more readable and better communicate intention than Assigned(FooBar). I'm sure everybody agrees with me on that 😉

Anders Melander · May 19

4 minutes ago, DelphiUdIT said:

You are right, those were my fear.

If you mean the volatile thing then it's not a problem unless you are doing high performance low-level stuff. AFAIR the worst that can happen is that a value is kept on the stack instead of in a register.

DelphiUdIT · May 19

23 minutes ago, Anders Melander said:

is like using Assigned on pointers (even object pointers). On delegates it makes sense, but for everything else I think (FooBar <> nil) is more readable and better communicate intention than Assigned(FooBar). I'm sure everybody agrees with me on that 😉

Lool, I always use Assigned(...) hoping that one day or another it will solve all the situations (either nil or an invalid pointer) 🙂

Edited May 19 by DelphiUdIT

David Heffernan · May 19

1 hour ago, DelphiUdIT said:

I always use Assigned(...) hoping that one day or another it will solve all the situations (either nil or an invalid pointer) 🙂

It will never find invalid pointers, but that's not why Assigned exists

David Heffernan · May 19

2 hours ago, DelphiUdIT said:

It is not mine, I'm not a chemical tech. I only see the use of the "absolute" directive and ask if there is any issue (in assignement for example). By the way I have tested some uses case and i don't found any issue, it's like a normal array of records.

Like I wrote, I had know that there are other methods, I was only curious about "absolute" used in array of records.

Thank you all for your interest.

It has nothing to do with assignment. It's pretty rare for absolute to be useful. Pretend it doesn't exists, and you'll get a long way.

Anders Melander · May 19

24 minutes ago, David Heffernan said:

It's pretty rare for absolute to be useful. Pretend it doesn't exists, and you'll get a long way.

I agree - but here's a few examples of where I've used it:

// Using absolute to rename a public API function while maintaining backward compatibility:
// - MyFunction is the old API entrypoint.
// - NewNameSameFunction is the new API entrypoint.
type
  TMyDelegate = procedure(X, Y, Z: Single);

var
  NewNameSameFunction: TMyDelegate

var
  MyFunction: TMyDelegate absolute NewNameSameFunction deprecated 'Use NewNameSameFunction instead';

// Same with global vars:
type
  TLUT88 = array[byte, byte] of byte;
  
var
  DivMul255Table: TLUT88;
  MulDiv255Table: TLUT88;

var
  RcTable: TLUT88 absolute DivMul255Table;
  DivTable: TLUT88 absolute MulDiv255Table;

// Casting between "uncastable" types without pointers
procedure FooBar(const X1, Y1, X2, Y2: Single)
var
  Y1bin: Cardinal absolute Y1;
  Y2bin: Cardinal absolute Y2;
begin
  // Fast way of testing if a Single is zero; Same as "if (Y1 = 0) and (Y2 = 0) then" but faster.
  if (Y1bin shl 1 = 0) and (Y2bin shl 1 = 0) then
    Exit;
  ...
end;

Rollo62 · May 19

Perhaps a little rework into a record will remove the whole question of the absolute directive completely.
So that you get the point of the additional benefits I see from such structure, to have much more related informations included and easy extendable.
This way you can use the right types for specific fields, not all as strings.

unit PeriodicTable;

interface

uses
  System.SysUtils, System.Math;

{ TElementRecord encapsulates properties of a chemical element }
type
  TElementRecord = record
    AtomicNumber       : Integer;   // Ordnungszahl
    Symbol             : string;    // Elementsymbol
    Name               : string;    // Elementname
    AtomicMass         : Double;    // Atommasse in u
    HasStableIsotopes  : Boolean;   // True, wenn stabile Isotope existieren
    Group              : Integer;   // Gruppennummer (0=unknown)
    Period             : Integer;   // Periode (0=unknown)
    Electronegativity  : Double;    // (0=unknown)
    IonizationEnergy   : Double;    // erste Ionisierungsenergie in eV (0=unknown)
    AtomicRadius       : Double;    // Kovalenter Radius in pm (0=unknown)
    ElectronConfig     : string;    // Elektronenkonfiguration (' '=unknown)
    Density            : Double;    // Dichte in g/cmÂ³ (0=unknown)
    MeltingPoint       : Double;    // Schmelzpunkt in K (0=unknown)
    BoilingPoint       : Double;    // Siedepunkt in K (0=unknown)
    OxidationStates    : string;    // (''=unknown)
    Abundance          : Double;    // NatÃ¼rliche HÃ¤ufigkeit in â€° (0=unknown)
  end;

{ Enumeration of all 118 elements }
  TElement = (

    elH, elHe, elLi, elBe, elB, elC, elN, elO, elF, elNe, elNa, elMg, elAl, elSi, elP, elS, elCl, elAr, elK, elCa, elSc, elTi, elV, elCr, elMn, elFe, elCo, elNi, elCu, elZn, elGa, elGe, elAs, elSe, elBr, elKr, elRb, elSr, elY, elZr, elNb, elMo, elTc, elRu, elRh, elPd, elAg, elCd, elIn, elSn, elSb, elTe, elI, elXe, elCs, elBa, elLa, elCe, elPr, elNd, elPm, elSm, elEu, elGd, elTb, elDy, elHo, elEr, elTm, elYb, elLu, elHf, elTa, elW, elRe, elOs, elIr, elPt, elAu, elHg, elTl, elPb, elBi, elPo, elAt, elRn, elFr, elRa, elAc, elTh, elPa, elU, elNp, elPu, elAm, elCm, elBk, elCf, elEs, elFm, elMd, elNo, elLr, elRf, elDb, elSg, elBh, elHs, elMt, elDs, elRg, elCn, elNh, elFl, elMc, elLv, elTs, elOg
);

{ Helper with utilities }
  TElementHelper = record helper for TElement
    function ToRecord: TElementRecord;
    function Symbol: string;
    function Name: string;
    // Including HasStableIsotopes bracket convention
    function MassString: string;
    function MassValue: Double;
    class function Count: Integer; static;
    class function FromSymbol(const ASym: string): TElement; static;
    class function FromMass(const AMass, ATolerance: Double = 1e-6): TArray<TElement>; static;
  end;

const
  Elements: array[TElement] of TElementRecord = (

    (AtomicNumber:1; Symbol:'H'; Name:'Hydrogen'; AtomicMass:1.00794; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:2; Symbol:'He'; Name:'Helium'; AtomicMass:4.002602; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:3; Symbol:'Li'; Name:'Lithium'; AtomicMass:6.941; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:4; Symbol:'Be'; Name:'Beryllium'; AtomicMass:9.012182; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:5; Symbol:'B'; Name:'Boron'; AtomicMass:10.811; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:6; Symbol:'C'; Name:'Carbon'; AtomicMass:12.0107; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:7; Symbol:'N'; Name:'Nitrogen'; AtomicMass:14.0067; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:8; Symbol:'O'; Name:'Oxygen'; AtomicMass:15.9994; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:9; Symbol:'F'; Name:'Fluorine'; AtomicMass:18.9984032; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:10; Symbol:'Ne'; Name:'Neon'; AtomicMass:20.1797; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:11; Symbol:'Na'; Name:'Sodium'; AtomicMass:22.98976928; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:12; Symbol:'Mg'; Name:'Magnesium'; AtomicMass:24.305; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:13; Symbol:'Al'; Name:'Aluminium'; AtomicMass:26.9815386; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:14; Symbol:'Si'; Name:'Silicon'; AtomicMass:28.0855; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:15; Symbol:'P'; Name:'Phosphorus'; AtomicMass:30.973762; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:16; Symbol:'S'; Name:'Sulfur'; AtomicMass:32.065; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:17; Symbol:'Cl'; Name:'Chlorine'; AtomicMass:35.453; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:18; Symbol:'Ar'; Name:'Argon'; AtomicMass:39.948; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:19; Symbol:'K'; Name:'Potassium'; AtomicMass:39.0983; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:20; Symbol:'Ca'; Name:'Calcium'; AtomicMass:40.078; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:21; Symbol:'Sc'; Name:'Scandium'; AtomicMass:44.955912; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:22; Symbol:'Ti'; Name:'Titanium'; AtomicMass:47.867; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:23; Symbol:'V'; Name:'Vanadium'; AtomicMass:50.9415; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:24; Symbol:'Cr'; Name:'Chromium'; AtomicMass:51.9961; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:25; Symbol:'Mn'; Name:'Manganese'; AtomicMass:54.938045; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:26; Symbol:'Fe'; Name:'Iron'; AtomicMass:55.845; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:27; Symbol:'Co'; Name:'Cobalt'; AtomicMass:58.933195; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:28; Symbol:'Ni'; Name:'Nickel'; AtomicMass:58.6934; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:29; Symbol:'Cu'; Name:'Copper'; AtomicMass:63.546; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:30; Symbol:'Zn'; Name:'Zinc'; AtomicMass:65.38; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:31; Symbol:'Ga'; Name:'Gallium'; AtomicMass:69.723; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:32; Symbol:'Ge'; Name:'Germanium'; AtomicMass:72.63; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:33; Symbol:'As'; Name:'Arsenic'; AtomicMass:74.9216; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:34; Symbol:'Se'; Name:'Selenium'; AtomicMass:78.96; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:35; Symbol:'Br'; Name:'Bromine'; AtomicMass:79.904; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:36; Symbol:'Kr'; Name:'Krypton'; AtomicMass:83.798; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:37; Symbol:'Rb'; Name:'Rubidium'; AtomicMass:85.4678; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:38; Symbol:'Sr'; Name:'Strontium'; AtomicMass:87.62; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:39; Symbol:'Y'; Name:'Yttrium'; AtomicMass:88.90585; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:40; Symbol:'Zr'; Name:'Zirconium'; AtomicMass:91.224; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:41; Symbol:'Nb'; Name:'Niobium'; AtomicMass:92.90628; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:42; Symbol:'Mo'; Name:'Molybdenum'; AtomicMass:95.96; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:43; Symbol:'Tc'; Name:'Technetium'; AtomicMass:98; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:44; Symbol:'Ru'; Name:'Ruthenium'; AtomicMass:101.07; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:45; Symbol:'Rh'; Name:'Rhodium'; AtomicMass:102.9055; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:46; Symbol:'Pd'; Name:'Palladium'; AtomicMass:106.42; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:47; Symbol:'Ag'; Name:'Silver'; AtomicMass:107.8682; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:48; Symbol:'Cd'; Name:'Cadmium'; AtomicMass:112.411; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:49; Symbol:'In'; Name:'Indium'; AtomicMass:114.818; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:50; Symbol:'Sn'; Name:'Tin'; AtomicMass:118.71; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:51; Symbol:'Sb'; Name:'Antimony'; AtomicMass:121.76; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:52; Symbol:'Te'; Name:'Tellurium'; AtomicMass:127.6; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:53; Symbol:'I'; Name:'Iodine'; AtomicMass:126.90447; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:54; Symbol:'Xe'; Name:'Xenon'; AtomicMass:131.293; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:55; Symbol:'Cs'; Name:'Caesium'; AtomicMass:132.9054; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:56; Symbol:'Ba'; Name:'Barium'; AtomicMass:132.9054; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:57; Symbol:'La'; Name:'Lanthanum'; AtomicMass:138.90547; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:58; Symbol:'Ce'; Name:'Cerium'; AtomicMass:140.116; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:59; Symbol:'Pr'; Name:'Praseodymium'; AtomicMass:140.90765; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:60; Symbol:'Nd'; Name:'Neodymium'; AtomicMass:144.242; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:61; Symbol:'Pm'; Name:'Promethium'; AtomicMass:145; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:62; Symbol:'Sm'; Name:'Samarium'; AtomicMass:150.36; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:63; Symbol:'Eu'; Name:'Europium'; AtomicMass:151.964; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:64; Symbol:'Gd'; Name:'Gadolinium'; AtomicMass:157.25; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:65; Symbol:'Tb'; Name:'Terbium'; AtomicMass:158.92535; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:66; Symbol:'Dy'; Name:'Dysprosium'; AtomicMass:162.5; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:67; Symbol:'Ho'; Name:'Holmium'; AtomicMass:164.93032; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:68; Symbol:'Er'; Name:'Erbium'; AtomicMass:167.259; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:69; Symbol:'Tm'; Name:'Thulium'; AtomicMass:168.93421; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:70; Symbol:'Yb'; Name:'Ytterbium'; AtomicMass:173.054; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:71; Symbol:'Lu'; Name:'Lutetium'; AtomicMass:174.9668; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:72; Symbol:'Hf'; Name:'Hafnium'; AtomicMass:178.49; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:73; Symbol:'Ta'; Name:'Tantalum'; AtomicMass:180.94788; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:74; Symbol:'W'; Name:'Tungsten'; AtomicMass:183.84; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:75; Symbol:'Re'; Name:'Rhenium'; AtomicMass:186.207; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:76; Symbol:'Os'; Name:'Osmium'; AtomicMass:190.23; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:77; Symbol:'Ir'; Name:'Iridium'; AtomicMass:192.217; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:78; Symbol:'Pt'; Name:'Platinum'; AtomicMass:195.084; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:79; Symbol:'Au'; Name:'Gold'; AtomicMass:196.966569; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:80; Symbol:'Hg'; Name:'Mercury'; AtomicMass:200.59; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:81; Symbol:'Tl'; Name:'Thallium'; AtomicMass:204.3833; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:82; Symbol:'Pb'; Name:'Lead'; AtomicMass:207.2; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:83; Symbol:'Bi'; Name:'Bismuth'; AtomicMass:208.9804; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:84; Symbol:'Po'; Name:'Polonium'; AtomicMass:209; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:85; Symbol:'At'; Name:'Astatine'; AtomicMass:210; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:86; Symbol:'Rn'; Name:'Radon'; AtomicMass:222; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:87; Symbol:'Fr'; Name:'Francium'; AtomicMass:223; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:88; Symbol:'Ra'; Name:'Radium'; AtomicMass:226; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:89; Symbol:'Ac'; Name:'Actinium'; AtomicMass:227; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:90; Symbol:'Th'; Name:'Thorium'; AtomicMass:232.03806; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:91; Symbol:'Pa'; Name:'Protactinium'; AtomicMass:231.0588; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:92; Symbol:'U'; Name:'Uranium'; AtomicMass:238.02891; HasStableIsotopes:true; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:93; Symbol:'Np'; Name:'Neptunium'; AtomicMass:237; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:94; Symbol:'Pu'; Name:'Plutonium'; AtomicMass:244; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:95; Symbol:'Am'; Name:'Americium'; AtomicMass:243; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:96; Symbol:'Cm'; Name:'Curium'; AtomicMass:247; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:97; Symbol:'Bk'; Name:'Berkelium'; AtomicMass:247; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:98; Symbol:'Cf'; Name:'Californium'; AtomicMass:251; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:99; Symbol:'Es'; Name:'Einsteinium'; AtomicMass:252; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:100; Symbol:'Fm'; Name:'Fermium'; AtomicMass:257; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:101; Symbol:'Md'; Name:'Mendelevium'; AtomicMass:258; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:102; Symbol:'No'; Name:'Nobelium'; AtomicMass:259; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:103; Symbol:'Lr'; Name:'Lawrencium'; AtomicMass:262; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:104; Symbol:'Rf'; Name:'Rutherfordium'; AtomicMass:267; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:105; Symbol:'Db'; Name:'Dubnium'; AtomicMass:268; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:106; Symbol:'Sg'; Name:'Seaborgium'; AtomicMass:271; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:107; Symbol:'Bh'; Name:'Bohrium'; AtomicMass:272; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:108; Symbol:'Hs'; Name:'Hassium'; AtomicMass:270; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:109; Symbol:'Mt'; Name:'Meitnerium'; AtomicMass:276; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:110; Symbol:'Ds'; Name:'Darmstadtium'; AtomicMass:281; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:111; Symbol:'Rg'; Name:'Roentgenium'; AtomicMass:280; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:112; Symbol:'Cn'; Name:'Copernicium'; AtomicMass:285; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:113; Symbol:'Nh'; Name:'Nihonium'; AtomicMass:286; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:114; Symbol:'Fl'; Name:'Flerovium'; AtomicMass:289; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:115; Symbol:'Mc'; Name:'Moscovium'; AtomicMass:290; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:116; Symbol:'Lv'; Name:'Livermorium'; AtomicMass:293; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:117; Symbol:'Ts'; Name:'Tennessine'; AtomicMass:294; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),
    (AtomicNumber:118; Symbol:'Og'; Name:'Oganesson'; AtomicMass:294; HasStableIsotopes:false; Group:0;Period:0;Electronegativity:0;IonizationEnergy:0;AtomicRadius:0;ElectronConfig:'';Density:0;MeltingPoint:0;BoilingPoint:0;OxidationStates:'';Abundance:0),

);

implementation

{ TElementHelper impl }

function TElementHelper.ToRecord: TElementRecord;
begin
  Result := Elements[Self];
end;

function TElementHelper.Symbol: string;
begin
  Result := Elements[Self].Symbol;
end;

function TElementHelper.Name: string;
begin
  Result := Elements[Self].Name;
end;

// Including HasStableIsotopes bracket convention
function TElementHelper.MassString: string;
begin
  if not Elements[Self].HasStableIsotopes then
    Result := Format('(%s)', [ FloatToStr(Elements[Self].AtomicMass) ]);
  else
    Result :=                  FloatToStr(Elements[Self].AtomicMass);
end;

function TElementHelper.MassValue: Double;
begin
  Result := Elements[Self].AtomicMass;
end;

class function TElementHelper.Count: Integer;
begin
  Result := Length(Elements);
end;

class function TElementHelper.FromSymbol(const ASym: string): TElement;
var
  e: TElement;
begin
  for e := Low(TElement) to High(TElement) do
    if CompareText(Elements[e].Symbol, ASym) = 0 then
      Exit(e);
  raise Exception.CreateFmt('Symbol %s not found', [ASym]);
end;

class function TElementHelper.FromMass(const AMass, ATolerance: Double): TArray<TElement>;
var
  e: TElement;
  L: TList<TElement>;
begin
  L := TList<TElement>.Create;
  try
    for e := Low(TElement) to High(TElement) do
      if Abs(Elements[e].AtomicMass - AMass) <= ATolerance then
        L.Add(e);
    Result := L.ToArray;
  finally
    L.Free;
  end;
end;

end.

Edit: I forgot to add a little how-to-use example

program PeriodicTableDemo;

{$APPTYPE CONSOLE}

uses
  System.SysUtils,
  PeriodicTable;  

var
  e        : TElement;
  rec      : TElementRecord;
  matches  : TArray<TElement>;
  i        : Integer;
begin
  try
    // 1) Total count of elements
    Writeln('Total elements: ', TElementHelper.Count);

    // 2) Lookup for symbol „Fe“
    e := TElementHelper.FromSymbol('Fe');
    rec := e.ToRecord;
    Writeln(Format('Element %d: %s – %s, Mass = %s u',
      [rec.AtomicNumber, rec.Symbol, rec.Name, e.MassString]));

    // 3) Search for elements with mass ≈ 1.00794
    matches := TElementHelper.FromMass(1.00794, 1e-4);
    if Length(matches) = 0 then
      Writeln('No matching elements found.')
    else
    begin
      Writeln('Matches for mass ≈ 1.00794:');
      for i := 0 to High(matches) do
      begin
        e := matches[i];
        rec := e.ToRecord;
        Writeln(Format('  %s (%s), AtomicNumber = %d',
          [rec.Symbol, rec.Name, rec.AtomicNumber]));
      end;
    end;

    // 4) Iteration over all elements
    Writeln('Erste 5 Elemente im Periodensystem:');
    for i := 0 to Min(4, TElementHelper.Count-1) do
    begin
      e := TElement(i);
      rec := e.ToRecord;
      Writeln(Format('%2d: %s – %s, Mass = %s u',
        [rec.AtomicNumber, rec.Symbol, rec.Name, e.MassString]));
    end;

  except
    on E: Exception do
      Writeln('Error: ', E.ClassName, ': ', E.Message);
  end;
end.

Edited Tuesday at 11:55 AM by Rollo62
Addition

Kas Ob. · May 19

2 hours ago, Anders Melander said:


// Casting between "uncastable" types without pointers
procedure FooBar(const X1, Y1, X2, Y2: Single)
var
  Y1bin: Cardinal absolute Y1;
  Y2bin: Cardinal absolute Y2;
begin
  // Fast way of testing if a Single is zero; Same as "if (Y1 = 0) and (Y2 = 0) then" but faster.
  if (Y1bin shl 1 = 0) and (Y2bin shl 1 = 0) then
    Exit;
  ...
end;

Here a faster suggestion

procedure FooBar(const X1, Y1, X2, Y2: Single);
var
  Y1bin: Cardinal absolute Y1;
  Y2bin: Cardinal absolute Y2;
begin
  // Check if both Y1 and Y2 are zero using a single bitwise operation
  if (Y1bin or Y2bin) shl 1 = 0 then
    Exit;
  ...
end;

Or using AND instead of bit shifting

procedure FooBar(const X1, Y1, X2, Y2: Single);
var
  Y1bin: Cardinal absolute Y1;
  Y2bin: Cardinal absolute Y2;
begin
  if (Y1bin or Y2bin) and $7FFFFFFF = 0 then
    Exit;
  ...
end;

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Absolute directive with record and array

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